Passage 1

When she looked ahead, Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.

On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television.

Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and the trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn't much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had... until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.

What does "she never had..."in the third paragraph mean?

A. She had never been so desperate.

B. She had never thought of giving it up.

C. She had never seen such thick fog.

D. She had never swum across the strait before.

                                                                       Passage 2

Decision-thinking is not unlike poker --- it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The mental process（过程） is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.

       The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes; there are what he called games of "perfect information", games like chess where the players can't hide anything or play tricks; they don't win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of "imperfect information", like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.

One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, which would ever puzzle best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.

An important factor in a game of imperfect information is _______.

A. rules       B. luck        C. time        D. ideas